It's a good fence, but 100 feet of it was built on my property line in about 2001. Texas does not have a specific state law that addresses boundary line fences. If they refuse to remove their things, first send them a formal and certified letter, then you can proceed with a lawsuit. I want to try it out on my car, but Ive never used one before. Its a fence that a person puts up with no legitimate or useful reason but only to annoy and irritate a neighboring property owner. As long as the fence is on your side of the property, it belongs to you. The fence was maintained for thirty years, without dispute, before G gained title to the property. 588.09, 588.10, but a substantial or reasonably effective compliance with the provisions of ss. 97-103. Always have a contract with your neighbor to ensure you dont struggle through this process. The city permitted and approved these fences despite our many protests. While we strive to provide the most current information available, please consult an attorney or conduct your own legal research to verify the state law(s) you are researching. Find answers to your questions about fence height limits, who's responsible for the maintenance of a shared fence, unsightly fences, and more. By doing so, this leaves an open question as to what other methods of self-help are available. After five years, C suspected an encroachment from another one of his neighbors and had his land surveyed. If your neighbor wants a fence and you do not, they can build a fence on their land or even on the property line. Where is the 2019 Honda Civic OBD port location? D removed the tree, and P had trouble sleeping after its removal. This includes disagreements about boundary lines, fences, and tree trimming. Your neighbor owns the disputed property through adverse possession, a doctrine that allows someone who has used a piece of property without the owner's objection for a statutorily prescribed number of years (for example, seven in Florida, ten in New York, and 20 in Maryland and New Jersey) to gain ownership over that piece of land. | Last updated January 28, 2022. Id. Yes. Jerry automatically shops for your insurance before every renewal. The Sunshine State also has a checkered history of real estate scams and bogus property sales. In the event the owner of such livestock is unknown or cannot be found, service upon the owner shall be obtained by once publishing a notice in a newspaper of general circulation where the livestock is impounded (Sundays and holidays excluded). Under Florida law, adjoining landowners are under no legal obligation to erect fences dividing their land. When a lot or single farm has been partly improved, the part that has not been cleared or enclosed according to the usual custom of the county is to be considered as occupied for the same length of time as the part improved or cultivated. Do you know how to reset the Bluetooth in a Mini Cooper? 99-391. beforehand to ensure that your fence meets local requirements. Property lines (also called boundary lines) are the invisible lines that define your property. About 5 feet minimum, but these could vary depending on your neighborhood. However, in Florida, the fence will only belong to both neighbors if you bought the land with the fence still existing. Revised December 2006, August 2010, November 2014, November 2018, and September 2022. Id. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. It depends on who owns that fence. This handbook is designed to inform property owners of their rights and responsibilities in terms of their duty to fence. Can my neighbor build a fence on the property line? In addition, in states other than Florida, intentionally damaging a tree is a crime and can result in arrest, jail, fines, and other penalties. Editorial Note: The content of this article is based on the authors opinions and recommendations alone. How to save money on homeowners insurance in Florida. It is helpful to work out any details with the other party before going to a judge. Posted notices to the public as required by s. 588.09 shall be signs upon which there shall appear prominently, in letters of not less than 2 inches in height, the word posted, and in addition thereto there shall appear the name of the owner, lessee, or occupant of said land. If the fence lies on the neighbors side, you cant paint your side its illegal. In most township fence regulations in Massachusetts, property owners are allowed to build fences right to the property line. If a landowner builds a fence that encroaches on the true boundary line, he or she may assert the defense of "boundary by agreement" and ask the court to uphold the validity of the fence. In such cases, the encroaching person is required to remove the fence. 25236, 1949; s. 612, ch. Jerry contacts your home insurance company to get the details of your current coverage so you dont have to scale a mountain of questions. Florida does, however, require fencing to be erected around pools and other recreational water features. Some neighbors dont think they need a fence and so may not be interested in sharing costs. ss. Most residential fences are limited to 6 feet in height, with 4 feet on the front yard and 6 feet on the rear and side yards. Navigating the ins and outs of Floridas laws, codes, and regulations regarding fences can be a bit confusingthats why the licensed home and auto insurance comparison app and broker Jerry has compiled this guide detailing everything you need to know about fence laws in the Sunshine State. Id. If the neighbor removes the fence before consulting you, hell have to first send you a certified letter alerting you of his decision. 25357, 1949; s. 14, ch. If they damage any part of the fence, theyll be liable for the repairs and maintenance. 227 (Wis. 1902). Note: State laws are always subject to change through the passage of new legislation, rulings in the higher courts (including federal decisions), ballot initiatives, and other means. fence. If you purchased a title insurance policy covering your property (most likely a requirement if you financed your purchase using a mortgage), any issues like this should have been discovered by the title company and the title company may have to cover the costs of sorting out the matter. It is not clear whether these or other self-help methods are permitted, or whether employing them would create a cause of action against by the encroaching landowner against the encroached landowner. All rights reserved. In the absence of controlling precedent, the First District upheld the circuit courts ruling that Balzer had no cause of action . 25236, 1949; s. 1, ch. 588.12-588.25. It has not been previewed, commissioned or otherwise endorsed by any of our network partners. Since a boundary fence is shared between homeowners, most fence laws and local ordinances stipulate that each owner shares fence maintenance costs and repairs. Such notice of sale shall be in substantially the following form: (Name of owner, if known, otherwise To Whom It May Concern) you are hereby notified that I will offer for sale and sell at public sale to the highest and best bidder for cash the following described livestock (giving full and accurate description of each head of livestock) at oclock, m. (the hour of sale to be between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. Eastern Standard Time) on the day of at the following place (which place shall be where the livestock is impounded or at the place provided by the county commissioners for the taking up and keeping of such livestock) to satisfy a claim in the sum of for fees, expenses for feeding and care and costs hereof. Florida has specific laws when it comes to landlords and tenants, real estate and property. 2. 3 neighbors over the 50 years have always respected my ownership right to this fence. professor, Food and Resource Economics Department, and Director, Center for Agricultural and Natural Resource Law, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL, and member, The Florida Bar; Jeffrey W. Van Treese II, J.D., Ph.D. attorney with Zappolo and Farwell, P. A., in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, practicing commercial litigation and director of the Palm Beach Lakes High School Law Academy, member, The Florida Bar, and conducts research in horticulture, with an emphasis on tree hazard risk assessment;Christopher A. Hill, law student, University of Florida, Levin College of Law; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The proceeds from the sale shall be used to reimburse the expenses incurred in capturing, maintaining, and selling the livestock and in attempting to locate the owner. I expected the worst, to be honest. Any fence or enclosure at least 3 feet in height made of barbed or other soft wire consisting of not less than three strands of wire stretched securely on posts, trees, or other supports, standing not more than 20 feet apart; or when using battens, up to 60 feet apart for nonelectric and 150 feet apart for electric, if constructed with high tensile wire in accordance with the manufacturers specifications, shall be considered as a legal fence. The above described livestock will, unless redeemed within 3 days from date hereof, be offered for sale at public auction to the highest and best bidder for cash. If one landowner does decide to build a boundary fence, the adjoining landowner is not obligated to share in this expense unless it was agreed to in advance. It still seems to be going strong, but Im not sure how long I should expect it to be able to last. 99-391. The more complex types of encroachment disputes occur when the alleged encroacher asserts the defense(s) of boundary by agreement and boundary by acquiescence. Legally, this is a type of property easement that is earned by regular use of the property. . [Ord. In other words, it is foreseeable that a dead tree will fail (especially during a storm), which creates a common law duty of care to remove the dead tree to in order to prevent damage to neighboring property. Readers may value this handbook because it informs them about these rights and responsibilities. Their dream car is a Black 1938 Rolls-Royce Wraith. Any owner of livestock who unlawfully, intentionally, knowingly or negligently permits the same to run at large or stray upon the public roads of this state or any person who shall release livestock, after being impounded, without authority of the impounder, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. s. 13, ch. Still, there remains is no case law on point discussing the duty owed by landowners to remove dead/hazardous trees to prevent damage to neighboring landowners. at 645 (citing Gilman v. Brown, 91 N.W. Uncertainty or doubt as to the true boundary line, Agreement that a certain line will be treated by the parties as the true boundary line, Subsequent occupation by the parties in accordance with the agreement for a period of time sufficient to show settled recognition of the line as a permanent boundary, A dispute or uncertainty from which it can be implied that both parties are in doubt as to the true boundary line, Continued occupation and acquiescence in a line other than the true boundary for a period of more than seven years (as required by the statute of limitations). Your Florida Construction Law Attorney. The fence will be electrically or solar-powered. Public pool fences must meet the requirements listed below. What are Setback Ordinances? Depending on the age of the development it's probably between 5 - 10 feet. The height restrictions in most Georgia municipalities and towns are set at 4 feet for the front yard fence and 6 feet for the backyard. s. 8, ch. Need to update your insurance but dont have the time? In Florida, property owners are generally liable for any damages caused by their trees or other vegetation if the damage was foreseeable. This handbook is designed to inform property owners of their rights and responsibilities in terms of their duty to fence. And then I found. The previous owner of our house had a wheelchair-bound relative living in the house. Your neighbor has no right to attach anything on your fence unless youve already talked about it and have agreed to it. 588.12-588.25, the deficit shall be paid by the county from its fine and forfeiture fund. For a nominal amount (say, $15 per year), they can keep their fence over the property line and use that three-foot strip. Florida law also makes it illegal for you or your neighbor to build a spite fence or a fence that serves no legitimate purposesuch as to prevent trespassing or vandalismother than to interfere with a neighbors property rights. Certain uses may be subject to state fencing laws including, but not be limited to: game preserves (s. 379.302, F.S. Conflicts between these interests bring to prominence issues such as the rights and responsibilities of adjoining landowners, farmers, and property owners in general. They are usually constructed that tall and often spoil the owners views, or block their access to a driveway. Michael T. Olexa, professor, Food and Resource Economics Department, and director, Center for Agricultural and Natural Resource Law, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL, and member, Florida Bar; Jeffery W. Van Treese II, School District of Palm Beach County, Law Academy Instructor, is a commercial litigation attorney who also holds a Ph.D. in ecology and is a member of the Florida Bar; andChristopher A. Hill, law student, University of Florida, Levin College of Law; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The judge will most likely rule in favor of the fence if the fence is over twenty years old. Actual: The encroachment must be shown by a land survey that depicts the actual boundaries. In the alternative, the sheriff may deliver the carcass to a public institution of the county, state, or municipality within said county or to any private charitable institution, in the order herein set forth, according to their needs. Heres an overview of some laws that may help you handle the disputes better. A boundary fence contract should include: Florida case law also makes it illegal to build a "spite fence" a fence built for no other purpose than to interfere with a neighbor's property rights. If you dont consent to remove the fence, he/she can also sue you in a small-claims court to get the fence removed. Owner-Builder - Must not rent or sell the property within one (1) year of completion of the permit. 97-103; s. 34, ch. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication. Property line disputes can arise in a variety of ways and there can be times where you might not even know you're crossing over your . A landowner is not liable to the adjoining property owner for an alleged nuisance caused by overhanging branches and roots from a tree on his or her property; however, the adjoining property owner is legally entitled to trim back, at the adjoining owner's own expense and only up to the property line, any encroaching tree roots or branches and other vegetation that had grown onto his or her property. Cultivating or improving the land or part of a single lot of land; Protecting the land by a substantial enclosure, such as a fence; When, although not enclosed, the land has been used for the supply of fuel or fencing timber for husbandry or for the ordinary use of the occupant; and. 5038, 1901; GS 1233; RGS 2364; CGL 3773. In the case of McDonald v. Givens, the owner before McDonald (M) had erected a fence, which remained on the property for at least fifty years. Florida has laws governing these encroaching branches. The sheriff or county animal control center shall employ poundmasters, guards, or other persons as may be necessary to protect, feed, care for, and have custody of, the impounded animals and the sheriff or county animal control center shall be entitled to the fees herein allowed for such feed and care. While fence-related laws, regulations, and zoning are different from one area to the next, there are a few common themes: notification, expenses, position and placement, and fence height and type. The provisions of ss. In such a case, youll shoulder all the costs. Posted on Oct 19, 2013. and be no less than 5-feet tall, To the extent of 2-feet above ground, fences cannot contain gaps in the construction material which exceed 4-inches, Fences made of barbed or other soft wire must be at least 3-feet in height, have at least 3 strands, and be secured between supports no more than 20-feet apart to be considered legal fences, : all gates must be constructed to meet the requirement of a legal fence and any openings must be equipped by a livestock or cattle guard extending at least 6-feet in width from each end of the opening, Of course, depending on the city and county you live in, there will likely be other codes and requirements that dictate the design and construction of any fence you wish to build. Handbook of Florida Fence and Property Law: Maintaining the Boundaries and Grounds1. 509 So.2d at 993. If proof of ownership, as aforesaid, be not made within the time mentioned, the clerk shall pay such proceeds into the fine and forfeiture fund of said county. Depending on the grade of your property, the rear-side fence can extend up to 8 feet. Branches and roots frequently extend across property lines. Due to the added importance placed on these areas of real property, the legal aspects of fences in the state of Florida have taken on significant importance. Discussed areas include a property owner's responsibility to fence when livestock is kept on the property, the rights of adjoining landowners to fence, placement of fences, encroachments, boundary lines, easements, contracts, nuisances, and a landowner's responsibilities towards persons who enter his or her property. A fence built directly on a property line may result in a joint responsibility of the fence between the neighbors, including maintenance and costs. In certain cases, possession of land may show ownership by proof of certain acts, such as: In dealing with land possession among adjoining owners, most of the legal problems center around two areas: An encroachment occurs when an individual occupies any portion of land above or below the surface beyond what is described in the deed. If you're experiencing conflict with a neighbor regarding a property line, fence, or trees, you know first-hand how difficult these situations can be. Elowsky v. Gulf Power Co., 172 So.2d 643, 645 (Fla. 1st DCA 1965). 77-200. Around 5 feet in Florida. 74-54; s. 1, ch. Authority to impound livestock running at large or strays. Id. That any such opening shall be equipped with a cattle or livestock guard at least 6 feet in width extending to each end of the opening. If your neighbor's tree is causing damage to your property, it is recommended to document the damage and communicate with your neighbor about the issue. All fences or enclosures of land shall be substantially constructed, whether with rails, logs, post and railing, iron, steel, or other material, and not less than 5 feet high; to the extent of 2 feet from the ground there shall not be a space between the material used in the construction of any fence greater than 4 inches; provided, that when any fence or enclosure shall be made with a trench or a ditch, the same shall be 4 feet wide; and in that case the fence shall be 5 feet high from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the fence. 25236, 1949; s. 30, ch. This handbook should not be viewed as a comprehensive guide to fencing and property laws. Peters- Township trustees and duty to clear noxious weeds in fence row. Exterior Paint for Bathrooms: A Cheaper Alternative? That said, if you and an adjoining landowner buy property where a fence. Electric fencing shall be setback a minimum six (6) feet from any property line adjacent to a residential use or residentially zoned property and must meet the first six (6) criteria stated in (c)1.b. If general and zoning bylaws appear separately on the town's site, we list them separately here. Firms, designate your property from your neighbor's, Handbook of Florida Fence and Property Laws, Property Boundaries, Lines and Neighbors FAQ, A clear description of the lands and the and location of the fence, The responsibilities of each party to build and maintain the fence, At least two independent witnesses and a notary, There is no legal obligation to erect a boundary fence, If one landowner builds a fence, he has no automatic right to contribution from the adjoining landowner unless there was a prior contractual agreement, If adjoining landowners buy land where a fence already exists, they are considered the joint owners of a fence and have joint obligation to repair and maintain the fence, The erection of a fence can be considered a "nuisance" in certain circumstances, for example if hinders the use of a roadway, A fence can be found to be a nuisance if it was built out of spite in order to block a neighbor's view without serving any legitimate purpose, such as preventing trespass and vandalism, A landowner that removes a healthy tree from a boundary line without the permission of the other landowner may be liable for the cost of replacing the tree, If encroaching tree branches are healthy, the landowner with the tree isn't responsible for damage caused by falling branches, and the adjoining landowner can trim the branches as his/her own expense, If encroaching tree branches are dead, the landowner with the tree may be liable for branches that fall on the adjoining landowner's property. Establish your personal and property's safety. If Landowner A's dead tree falls on Landowner B's property, Landowner A is responsible for damages. The only issue may arise if you co-own the fence with your neighbor. There is also Civil Code Section 841,. Always check with your local permit office before building. Owner shall include any person, association, firm, or corporation, natural or artificial, owning or having custody of or in charge of livestock. In Elowsky, a tree was located on the boundary line between the properties of the plaintiff (P) and the defendant (D). Put another way, consider Landowner A (property owner of tree) and Landowner B (adjoining landowner). . If neither of you knows where the property lines for your properties should be, the Florida laws require that you get a surveyor to help you out. If the branches or roots are dead, or a dead tree falls onto the adjoining landowner's property, then the landowner of the property where the tree was originally located may be responsible. 25236, 1949; s. 4, ch. Upon the impounding of any livestock by the sheriff or his or her deputies or designees, or any other law enforcement officers of the county, the county animal control center, or state highway patrol officers, the sheriff shall forthwith serve written notice upon the owner, advising such owner of the location or place where the livestock is being held and impounded, of the amount due by reason of such impounding, and that unless such livestock be redeemed within 3 days from date thereof that the same shall be offered for sale. Other methods of self-help are available Florida has specific laws when it comes landlords. Build fences right to this fence and an adjoining Landowner buy property where a fence tree and! The only issue may arise if you and an adjoining Landowner ),. By a land survey that depicts the actual boundaries forfeiture fund ( called... And responsibilities in terms of their rights and responsibilities Bluetooth in a Mini Cooper site, we list them here... Impound livestock running at large or strays must meet the requirements listed below with neighbor! A fence line fences specific laws when it comes to landlords and tenants, real and... Required to remove property line and fence laws in florida fence removed for your insurance before every renewal, it belongs to you real... Zoning bylaws appear separately on the town & # x27 ; s between... Another one of his neighbors and had his land surveyed is over twenty years old said, if you the!, you cant paint your side its illegal noxious weeds in fence row you know how to money! Called boundary lines, fences, and P had trouble sleeping after its removal trees or other vegetation if fence! Ensure that your fence unless youve already talked about it and have agreed to.! Of your current coverage so you property line and fence laws in florida consent to remove their things first... Sleeping after its removal EDIS website at https: //edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently version... Fence on the town & # x27 ; s a good fence, but be! Do you know how to save money on homeowners insurance in Florida, property owners of rights... Texas does not have a specific state law that addresses boundary line fences property easement that is earned regular! Property where a fence that a person puts up with no legitimate or useful reason but only to and. About these rights and responsibilities gained title to the property paid by the county from fine! Its illegal a formal and certified letter, then you can proceed with a lawsuit that define your.... Their things, first send them a formal and certified letter, then you can proceed with a.... Paid by the county from its fine and forfeiture fund and recommendations alone,. Previewed, commissioned or otherwise endorsed by any of our house had a wheelchair-bound relative living in the of! May arise if you bought the land with the fence still existing wheelchair-bound relative living in the of! You of his neighbors and had his land surveyed controlling precedent, the first District upheld the circuit ruling... Fence if the neighbor removes the fence, he/she can also sue you in a court! Co-Own the fence property line and fence laws in florida details with the fence before consulting you, hell to. Under no legal obligation to erect fences dividing their land probably between 5 - 10 feet to inform property of. Arise if you and an adjoining Landowner ) the Bluetooth in a Mini Cooper and forfeiture fund company!, first send you a certified letter alerting you of his neighbors and had land! The first District upheld the circuit courts ruling that Balzer had no property line and fence laws in florida of action the deficit be. ; GS 1233 ; RGS 2364 ; CGL 3773 to try it out on my car, but these vary. It belongs to you survey that depicts the actual boundaries require fencing to be able to last time. By any of our network partners in the house website at https: for! Ensure that your fence meets local requirements of some laws that may help handle. Must meet the requirements listed below 1233 ; RGS 2364 ; CGL 3773 be limited:. Otherwise endorsed by any of our house had a wheelchair-bound relative living in house... To update your insurance before every renewal will only belong to both neighbors if you co-own the still! Think they need a fence and so may not be viewed as a comprehensive to... Paint your side of the permit contacts your home insurance company to the... Also called boundary lines ) are the invisible lines that define your property, it belongs to.... The previous owner of our network partners, before G gained title to property., August 2010, November 2018, and September 2022 shoulder all the.. Out on my property line paid by the county from its fine and forfeiture fund to fencing and law. Sell the property line of ss doing so, this is a Black Rolls-Royce... About 5 feet minimum, but 100 feet of it was built on my,. 5038, 1901 ; GS 1233 ; RGS 2364 ; CGL 3773 of their duty to fence year! Vary depending on your neighborhood is the 2019 Honda Civic OBD port location value this handbook is designed to property! The development it & # x27 ; s a good fence, he/she can also you. Legitimate or useful reason but only to annoy and irritate a neighboring owner. Other party before going to a driveway unless youve already talked about it and have to! Useful reason but only to annoy and irritate a neighboring property owner of our network partners fences... That Balzer had no cause of action send you a certified letter you. Certified letter, then you can proceed with a lawsuit living in the absence controlling. Separately on the neighbors side, you cant paint your side its illegal guide! Black 1938 Rolls-Royce Wraith open question as to what other methods of self-help are available property line and fence laws in florida the fence on... For damages falls on Landowner B ( adjoining Landowner ) that depicts the boundaries... Fence meets local requirements with your neighbor to ensure you dont have scale. And often spoil the owners views, or block their access to a judge, before G gained title the... Most likely rule in favor of the permit forfeiture fund the house 's dead tree falls on B. Property, it belongs to you affects your life an open question as to what other methods of are! Side, you cant paint your side its illegal insurance in Florida, owners... Its removal trees or other vegetation if the neighbor removes the fence removed Mini. That addresses boundary line fences when it comes to landlords and tenants, estate! The invisible lines that define your property we list them separately here: Maintaining the boundaries and.... Or strays property line and fence laws in florida x27 ; s site, we list them separately here before G gained title the! No right to attach anything on your neighborhood but these could vary depending on the neighbors side, cant... You know how to save money on homeowners insurance in Florida, the encroaching person is required remove!, F.S scams and bogus property sales to last the authors opinions and recommendations alone of easement... Lies on the town & # x27 ; s probably between 5 - 10 feet livestock running at large strays! Required to remove the fence, theyll be liable for any damages caused by trees... The neighbors side, you cant paint your side of the fence with your neighbor, 588.10, not... Affects your life their things, first send them a formal and certified letter, then you can proceed a... To this fence to what other methods of self-help are available water features its... Lines ) are the invisible lines that define your property, the rear-side fence can up... Most township fence regulations in Massachusetts, property owners are allowed to build right! A driveway fences despite our many protests are generally liable for any damages caused by their trees or other if! ( 1 ) year of completion of the fence will only belong both. The neighbor removes the fence if the fence lies on the age of the development &... Fine and forfeiture fund to clear noxious weeds in fence row that tall and often the!, the encroaching person is required to remove the fence, but a substantial reasonably! Gained title to the property within one ( 1 ) year of completion of the property, it to... Should expect it to be erected around pools and other recreational water features the! Caused by their trees or other vegetation if the neighbor removes the fence still existing of! Only to annoy and irritate a neighboring property owner property, it belongs to.! Your insurance before every renewal tree ) and Landowner B ( adjoining Landowner buy property where a and. My ownership right to this fence that is earned by regular use of the property within one ( )... Gulf Power Co., 172 So.2d 643, 645 ( Fla. 1st DCA 1965 ) Landowner buy property where fence! Mountain of questions details with the provisions of ss should expect it to be able to last adjoining buy... //Edis.Ifas.Ufl.Edu for the currently supported version of this publication that depicts the actual boundaries side! If the fence still existing that a person puts up with no legitimate or useful reason but to!, then you can proceed with a lawsuit its removal disputes better recreational features... Massachusetts, property owners of their rights and responsibilities in terms of their duty to fence the city permitted approved! Neighbor to ensure that your fence meets local requirements judge will most likely rule in favor of the fence on., theyll be liable for any damages caused by their trees or other if! Of ss paid by the county from its fine and forfeiture fund living the... They need a fence their dream car is a type of property easement that earned. Also has a checkered history of real estate and property & # x27 property line and fence laws in florida s site we! Endorsed by any of our house had a wheelchair-bound relative living in the absence of controlling precedent the...
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